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In-Ground Swimming Pool Choices – Vinyl Liner Pools Pros And Cons

Concrete Pumps

The Vinyl Liner Pool

There are three basic kinds of in-ground swimming pools, the concrete or gunite swimming pool, the vinyl liner style, and fiberglass.  The one that is most often installed in residential applications is the vinyl liner pool.  There are three reasons why this kind of pool is selected so often.

1. Cost – This might not be the primary reason, but it is an important one.  The liner, which is a heavy rubber product, is much less expensive than the other products that pools can be made from.

2. Comfortable Feel – Concrete pools are hard, and if you bang your head on the side, it is going to hurt.  The vinyl liner is soft and gives when you butt against it.  There is a dry pack of cement based material on the earth side of the liner, but it is still softer than other pool materials.

3. Ease of Cleaning – With the proper cleaning tools, a vinyl liner is relatively easy to keep clean because the surface is harder for the algae and bacteria to attach themselves to.  Any other material has crevices that make it easier for the green and black algae substance to take hold.

Other parts of a vinyl liner pool are much the same as any other kind of swimming pool.  The filtration system, pump, swimming pool fence, and concrete decks are all installed in much the same way as those on concrete or fiberglass pools.

Problems That Occur With Vinyl Liner Pools

The only real downside of the vinyl liner swimming pool is the liner.  Most of these come with a 25 or 30 year warranty, which sounds good at first.  The warranty is prorated much the same as a car tire, which translates to replacements in the first few years as being close to the total cost of the liner.

After 7 years, a failed liner will result in a payment of about 10% of the original cost.  This is close to the average life of most vinyl liners.  Taking into consideration the average cost of ,200 to ,400 for a new liner, the expense of the water to fill the pool, and the labor to replace the liner, the owner can pay out over ,500 for the first new replacement liner.

Someone with a sharp object can ruin a brand new pool liner.  There are repairs that can be made, but the labor has to be paid for and the water has to be lowered to where the rip or tear is for repair.

The average life of an in-ground vinyl liner swimming pool is between 8 and 12 years, and some have lasted almost 20.  Above-ground swimming pools have an average lifetime of 6 to 10 years.

Several factors contribute to the length of service that can be expected from rubber products.  The chemistry of the water has an effect on the liner as well as the chemicals used to keep the water clear and clean.  Of course, luck and chance are contributors, too, as well as the quality of the liner.

Letting the water out of a vinyl liner pool is a big mistake because ground water can creep in and float the liner up, making it extremely hard to get it back in place without professional help.

All swimming pools have some faults and upkeep costs, and nothing lasts forever. It’s a good idea to speak to others about building swimming pools and get their thoughts on what they do and do not like about their chosen type of pool.

 

There are three basic kinds of in-ground swimming pools, the concrete or gunite swimming pool, the vinyl liner style, and fiberglass.  The one that is most often installed in residential applications is the vinyl liner pool.  There are three reasons why this kind of pool is selected so often.

 

1. Cost – This might not be the primary reason, but it is an important one.  The liner, which is a heavy rubber product, is much less expensive than the other products that pools can be made from.

 

2. Comfortable Feel – Concrete pools are hard, and if you bang your head on the side, it is going to hurt.  The vinyl liner is soft and gives when you butt against it.  There is a dry pack of cement based material on the earth side of the liner, but it is still softer than other pool materials.

 

3. Ease of Cleaning – With the proper cleaning tools, a vinyl liner is relatively easy to keep clean because the surface is harder for the algae and bacteria to attach themselves to.  Any other material has crevices that make it easier for the green and black algae substance to take hold.

 

Other parts of a vinyl liner pool are much the same as any other kind of swimming pool.  The filtration system, pump, swimming pool fence, and concrete decks are all installed in much the same way as those on concrete or fiberglass pools.

 

Problems That Occur With Vinyl Liner Pools

 

The only real downside of the vinyl liner swimming pool is the liner.  Most of these come with a 25 or 30 year warranty, which sounds good at first.  The warranty is prorated much the same as a car tire, which translates to replacements in the first few years as being close to the total cost of the liner.

 

After 7 years, a failed liner will result in a payment of about 10% of the original cost.  This is close to the average life of most vinyl liners.  Taking into consideration the average cost of ,200 to ,400 for a new liner, the expense of the water to fill the pool, and the labor to replace the liner, the owner can pay out over ,500 for the first new replacement liner.

 

Someone with a sharp object can ruin a brand new pool liner.  There are repairs that can be made, but the labor has to be paid for and the water has to be lowered to where the rip or tear is for repair.

 

The average life of an in-ground vinyl liner swimming pool is between 8 and 12 years, and some have lasted almost 20.  Above-ground swimming pools have an average lifetime of 6 to 10 years.

 

Several factors contribute to the length of service that can be expected from rubber products.  The chemistry of the water has an effect on the liner as well as the chemicals used to keep the water clear and clean.  Of course, luck and chance are contributors, too, as well as the quality of the liner.

 

Letting the water out of a vinyl liner pool is a big mistake because ground water can creep in and float the liner up, making it extremely hard to get it back in place without professional help.

 

All swimming pools have some faults and upkeep costs, and nothing lasts forever. It’s a good idea to speak to others with swimming pools and get their thoughts on what they do and do not like about their chosen type of pool.

All You Need To Know About Concrete Cleaning Equipment

Concrete Equipment

Article by Mike Kennedy

Did you know that concrete cleaning tools can be used for a lot of purposes? It can be used to scrub roads when the asphalt is crammed with clogged oil and it may be used to clean partitions when it has been vandalized by graffiti. It may also be used to maintain floors and other surfaces in and outdoors of buildings.

If this can be a topic that you simply’re not familiar with you will have to be taught rather a lot and it is good if you start learning quite quickly. It is all the time important to take proper care of surfaces to maintain them in good condition for a few years and it’s all the time higher to be taught all the pieces that you should know in regards to the maintenance from the start to avoid making mistakes.

Whether you are conversant in such a gear or if it’s the primary time you are planning to buy gear for this purpose it’s vital to match various varieties of equipment. If you want to get wonderful outcomes you must think about buying a pressure washer. It’ll provide great outcomes and it is not complicated to discover ways to handle it either. Let’s speak concerning the vital equipment that’s wanted for such a work. At the heart of any piece of equipment, the engine is a important part to consider. As a way to pressure wash cement correctly and completely, a commercial grade energy washer designed for concrete cleaning and professional power cleaners shall be needed. It’s not vital to buy the most expensive equipment the first time, just be certain that to decide on a pressure washer that meets your requirements.

There are pressure washers out there which produces from 50 bars and up to 1200 bars and the value will vary relying on the efficiency and the kind of equipment. It is not vital to buy the costliest equipment the primary time, just make sure that to decide on a pressure washer that meets your requirements.

Concrete cleaning is needed in massive buildings with giant flooring, roads with asphalt and plenty of other places. It is always good to know the way to carry out concrete cleaning in the easiest and handiest way.

You need to realize that concrete cleaning would not should be tough or boring, it may truly run easily and be very easy. It is also enjoyable to read more about this and how one can choose the suitable kind of equipment. The web is stuffed with data regarding this topic.

The very first thing to start with is to search the web for details about concrete cleaning and the way this may turn out to be rather a lot much less complicated. Begin with the basics and go on with the remainder afterwards, you’ve got obtained lots to learn however as quickly as you’ve found the perfect equipment it should start understanding fine. The most important thing is to begin using a good pressure washer as quickly as possible.

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The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Mixers, Pavers, and Related Construction Machinery Equipment

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Parts Sold Separately for Mixers, Pavers, and Related Construction Machinery Equipment

This econometric study covers the world outlook for parts sold separately for mixers, pavers, and related construction machinery equipment across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for parts sold separately for mixers, pavers, and related construction machinery equipment. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.

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Top Tip Things to Consider when Purchasing Power Tools

construction tools

Article by Power Tools battery

Top Tip Things to Consider when Purchasing Power Tools

Most DIY novices will have suffered that familiar sinking feeling when their partner informs them of their latest DIY project. These projects can range from using a pressure washer to cleaning the paving stones, to changing a couple of malfunctioning radiators or even plumbing in a brand new bathroom suite. For many of the most important DIY tasks a novice can face, a great deal of strain and effort can be saved by purchasing the correct power tools for the job.

In addition to having specific power tools for specific tasks around the home there are also a number of tools that no DIY enthusiast should really be without; these include items such as an electric drill, angle grinder and electric screwdrivers.

Electric drills come in two forms. The more traditional type is an electric drill that is powered by being plugged into the mains. The alternative and increasingly common option available in DIY stores these days are cordless drills.

Each type of drill has its own positive and negative points. Drills powered by the mains are generally more powerful than their battery-powered counterparts and they do not suffer from decreased performance due to the battery wearing down. On the other hand, cordless drills are far more versatile and can be used in places even where there is no easily accessible electrical access.

For the DIY novice, another consideration to make when purchasing their drill is exactly how and on what materials it is to be used. A key consideration is whether the user is going to be drilling into masonry or brickwork. The reason for this is that standard drills can often encounter real problems when trying to drill into stone or bricks and they are not recommended for the task. Instead, it is much more sensible to invest in a hammer drill, which tends to be more powerful in terms of volts and also use a percussive action to ensure the drill bit can puncture through the harder material.

A quality hammer drill will allow the user to drill holes of up to 13mm through masonry with relative ease, but for larger holes a rotary hammer drill is preferred, though these drills are more expensive and tend only to be used on major construction projects.

For smaller DIY projects, a cordless pistol-grip drill is the perfect choice. One key piece of advice for any potential buyer, however, is to ensure that your drill is powerful enough for the task at hand. You can ensure this by checking the voltage rating on the battery that comes with the drill. Eighteen volts is the most common rating, but you can opt to pay a little more and get more powerful drills including 24V, 28V and 36V which are so powerful and produce so much torque that they are now giving similar levels of power to equivalent mains-powered drills.

Another key consideration in your drill is the battery; nickel-cadmium batteries are now being phased out in many machines and most of the best drill makers have now switched to the more reliable, better charging, longer usage and lighter lithium ion batteries for their machines.

As you can see, a novice has plenty to consider when making their first purchase of an electric drill, but fortunately picking up some other handy power tools that will make completing your DIY project that much easier, does not have to be quite so involved.

Accuracy in DIY is everything and without it, projects can quickly end up in disarray. Cutting materials speedily yet accurately, particularly at a required angle is a fundamental of good DIY and this is what makes investing in a mitre saw so worthwhile. Nowadays, there are some outstanding quality, portable mitre saws available from DIY shops that can drastically speed up any job that requires a good deal of precision sawing.

Even greater flexibility is available by investing in a battery-powered handheld circular saw. This will allow the user to make cuts at any angle, in any place without being restricted by electrical access points. These cordless circular saws have become increasingly popular in DIY in recent times.

The same can be said for the angle grinder. This is a versatile tool for the DIY novice as it can be used for cutting, grinding and polishing depending on the disc attachment. The key decision to make when purchasing an angle grinder is to choose an adequate disc size and a grinder of suitable power for the job at hand.

By following these simple guidelines even the novice DIY practitioner can ensure their projects are completed quickly and accurately.

Source: http://www.batteryfast.co.uk/battery-technology/tip-things-to-consider-when-purchasing-power-tools-by-batteryfast-co-uk/

We use hydroforming to make the shafts on our Viper and redesigned Fall 2009 Fusion ice tools. Watch this video of Climbing Hardgoods Manager Bill Belcourt as he explains the process and its advantages. Check out our full line of ice axes and piolets at: www.blackdiamondequipment.com
Video Rating: 4 / 5

The 2009 World Forecasts of Concrete Pumps Export Supplies

The 2009 World Forecasts of Concrete Pumps Export Supplies

This report was created for strategic planners, international marketing executives and export managers whose primary concern is the world market for concrete pumps. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics that appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for concrete pumps for those firms serving the world via exports and foreign direct investment. It does so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.

List Price: $ 325.00 Price: $ 325.00

The History Of Long Island Macarthur Airport

Concrete Equipment

Introduction 

Long Island MacArthur Airport, located on 1,310 acres in Suffolk County, is the region’s only commercial service facility which has, for most of its existence, struggled with identity and purpose. 

Its second–and oval-shaped–50,000 square-foot passenger terminal, opened in 1966 and sporting two opposing, ramp-accessing gates, had exuded a small, hometown atmosphere—so much so, in fact, that scenes from the original Out-of-Towners movie had been filmed in it. 

Its subsequent expansion, resulting in a one thousand percent increase in passenger terminal area and some two million annual passengers, had been sporadic and cyclic, characterized by new airline establishment which had always sparked a sequence of passenger attraction, new nonstop route implementation, and additional carriers, before declining conditions had initiated a reverse trend.  During cycle peaks, check-in, gate, and ramp space had been at a premium, while during troughs, a pin drop could be heard on the terminal floor.   

Its Catch-22 struggle had always entailed the circular argument of carriers reluctant to provide service to the airport because of a lack of passengers and passengers reluctant to use the airport because of a lack of service.  

This, in essence, is the force which shaped its seven-decade history.  And this, in essence, is Long Island MacArthur Airport’s story. 

1. Origins 

The 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act, under Section 303, authorized federal fund expenditure for landing areas provided the administrator could certify “that such landing areas were reasonably necessary for use in air commerce or in the interests of national defense.” 

At the outbreak of World War II, Congress appropriated million for the Development of Landing Areas for National Defense or “DLAND,” of which the Development Civil Landing Areas (DCLA) had been an extension.  Because civil aviation had been initially perceived as an “appendage” of military aviation, it had been considered a “segment” of the national defense system, thus garnering direct federal government civil airport support.  Local governments provided land and subsequently maintained and operated the airports.  Construction of 200 such airfields began in 1941. 

A Long Island regional airport, located in Islip, had been one of them.  On September 16 of that year, the Town of Islip–the intended owner and operator of the initially named Islip Airport–sponsored the project under an official resolution designated Public Law 78-216, providing the land, while the federal government agreed to plan and build the actual airport.  The one-year, .5 million construction project, initiated in 1942, resulted in an airfield with three 5,000-foot runways and three ancillary taxiways.  Although it had fulfilled its original military purpose, it had always been intended for public utilization. 

Despite increased instrument-based flight training after installation of instrument landing system (ILS) equipment in 1947, the regional facility failed to fulfill projected expectations of becoming New York’s major airport after the recent construction of Idlewild.  Losing Lockheed as a major tenant in 1950, the since-renamed MacArthur Airport, in honor of General Douglas MacArthur, would embark on a long development path before that would occur. 

2. Initial Service 

A 5,000-square-foot passenger terminal and restaurant, funded by the federal government, had been constructed in 1949.  Infrastructurally equipped, the airport, surrounded by local community growth, sought its first public air service by petitioning the Civil Aeronautics Board.  Islip had attempted to attract scheduled airline service as far back as 1956, and this ultimately took the form of Gateway Airlines three years later when it had commenced operations, on an air taxi level, with a fleet of 11-passenger de Havilland Doves and 15-passenger de Havilland Herons to Boston, Newark, and Washington.  Inadequate financing, however, had led to its premature termination only eight months later. 

The airport, which only had 20 based aircraft at this time, annually fielded some 30,000 movements.  Allegheny Airlines subsequently received full scheduled passenger service route authority from the CAB in 1960 and inaugurated four daily Convair- and Martinliner round-trips to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington in September, carrying more than 19,000 passengers in 1961, its first full year of operations. 

Two years later, the FAA opened a New York Air Route Traffic Control Center and a seven-floor control tower, and in 1966, a .3 million, 50,000 square-foot oval terminal replaced the original rectangular facility. 

Mohawk, granted the second CAB route authority that year, inaugurated Fairchild FH-227 service to Albany, and the two scheduled airlines carried some 110,000 passengers from the since renamed Islip MacArthur Airport by 1969.  The 210 based aircraft recorded 240,000 yearly movements.The runways and taxiways were progressively expanded, partly in response to Eastern and Pan Am’s designation of the airport as an “alternate” on their flight plans. 

3. First Major Carrier Service 

Long envisioned as a reliever airport to JFK and La Guardia, which would provide limited, but important nonstop service to key US cities and hubs, such as Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and the major Florida destinations, the Long Island airport urgently needed additional, major-airline service, but this goal remained elusive.  

The cycle, however, had been broken on April 26, 1971, when American Airlines had inaugurated 727-100 “Astrojet” service to Chicago-O’Hare, Islip’s first pure-jet and first “trunk” carrier operation, permitting same-day, round-trip business travel and eliminating the otherwise required La Guardia commute.  Because of American’s major-carrier prestige, it had attracted both attention and passengers, indicating that Islip had attained “large airport” status, and the Chicago route, now the longest nonstop one from the air field, had provided a vital lifeline to a primary, Midwestern city and to American’s route system, offering numerous flight connections. 

The route had been quickly followed in the summer with the inauguration of Allegheny DC-9-30 service to Providence and Washington, while Altair had launched Beech B99 and Nord N.262 turboprop flights to Bridgeport and Philadelphia two years later. 

American, Allegheny (which had intermittently merged with Mohawk in 1972), and Altair provided the established Long Island air connection during the 1970s. 

In order to reflect its regional location, the facility had, for the fourth time, been renamed, adopting the title of Long Island MacArthur Airport in 1978. 

During most of the 1970s, it handled an average of 225,000 annual passengers.  Allegheny, the premier operator, had offered nine daily pure-jet BAC-111 and DC-9-30 departures during 1978. 

By March of 1982, USAir, the rebranded Allegheny Airlines, had been its only remaining pure-jet carrier with daily DC-9-30 service to Albany and BAC-111-200 service to Washington-National–perhaps emphasizing its ability to profitably operate from small-community airfields with its properly-sized twin-jet equipment. 

The early 1980s were characterized by commuter-regional carrier dominance, with operations provided by Pilgrim, New Haven Airlines, Altair, Air North, Mall Airways, and Ransome.  The latter, first flying as part of the Allegheny Commuter consortium, later operated independently under its own name in affiliation with Delta Air Lines, offering some 17 daily M-298 and DHC-7 departures to seven regional cities. 

Aside from Ransome, it had often appeared as if the airport’s regional airline floodgates had been gappingly opened: Suburban/Allegheny Commuter, Southern Jersey/Allegheny Commuter, Empire, and Henson-The Piedmont Regional Airline had all descended on its runways. Precision, which had inaugurated multiple-daily Dornier Do-228-200 services to both Boston and Philadelphia, operated independently, as Precision-Eastern Express, and as Precision-Northwest Airlink, and had been the only airline to simultaneously offer scheduled service from neighboring Republic Airport in Farmingdale, primarily a general aviation field. 

4. Northeastern International Airlines 

Market studies had long indicated the need for nonstop Long Island-Florida service because of its concentration of tourist attractions and to facilitate visits between Long Island children and Florida-relocated retiree parents.  Deregulation, the very force behind multiple-airline creation, divergent service and fare concepts, and the relative ease of new market entry, had spawned Northeastern International, which was founded to provide high-density, low-fare, limited-amenity service, and fulfilled the idealized nonstop, Long Island-Florida connection when it had inaugurated operations on February 11, 1982 with a former Evergreen International DC-8-50, initially offering four weekly round-trips to Fort Lauderdale and one to Orlando.  After a second aircraft had been acquired, it had been able to record a 150,000-passenger total during its first year of service, with 32,075 having been boarded in December alone.  

Although its corporate headquarters had been located in Fort Lauderdale, its operational base had been established at Long Island MacArthur and it ultimately served Fort Lauderdale, Hartford, Miami, Orlando, and St. Petersburgh with the two DC-8s and two former Pan Am 727-100s with seven daily departures.  Incorporating both the charter carrier strategy of operating high-density, single-class, low-fare service, and the major airline strategy of flying large-capacity aircraft, it actually served a very competitive route—that of New York-to-Florida—without incurring any competition at all by operating directly from Islip. 

By 1984, with Northeastern having served as a catalyst to carrier and route inaugurations, eleven airlines had served the airport, inclusive of Allegheny Commuter, American, Eastern, Empire, Henson, NewAir, Northeastern, Pilgrim, Ransome, United, and USAir, relieving JFK and La Guardia of air traffic, directly serving the Long Island market, and fulfilling the airport’s originally envisioned role of becoming New York’s secondary commercial facility.  Simultaneously providing nonstop service to Chicago-O’Hare from Islip, American and United both competed for the same passenger base. 

By 1986, Long Island MacArthur had, for the first time in its 36-year scheduled history, handled one million passengers in a single year, a level since equaled or exceeded. 

To cater to the explosive demand and ease its now-overstrained passenger facilities, the Town of Islip embarked on a progressive terminal facility improvement program which had initially encompassed the addition of two commuter aircraft gates, the enclosure of the former curbside front awning, and two glass-enclosed wings—the west for the now-covered baggage carousel and the east for the three relocated rental-car counters and the Austin Travel agency.  The internal roadway had been realigned and additional parking spaces had been created. 

A more ambitious terminal expansion program, occurring in 1990 and costing .2 million, resulted in two jetbridge-lined concourses which extended from the rear portion of the oval terminal, adding 22,700 square feet of space.  Runway 6-24’s 1,000-foot extension, to 7,000 feet, had ultimately been completed three years later after a decade of primarily local resident resistance due to believed noise increases. 

By the end of 1990, the transformation of Long Island MacArthur Airport from a small, hometown airfield served by a couple of operators to a major facility served by most of the major carriers had been complete. 

Several conclusions could already be drawn from the airport’s hitherto 30-year scheduled history. 

1.  Allegheny-USAir, along with its regional subsidiaries Allegheny Commuter and USAir Express, had provided the initial spark which had led to the present growth explosion and had been the only consistent, anchor carrier during its three-decade, scheduled service history, between 1960 and 1990.  During this time it had absorbed other Islip operators, inclusive of the original Mohawk and Piedmont, the latter of which had intermittently absorbed Empire and Henson, and had shed still others, such as Ransome Airlines, which, as an independent carrier, had almost established a regional, turboprop hub at MacArthur. 

2.  Three carriers had been tantamount to its three-decade evolution: (1). Allegheny-USAir, which had reserved the distinction of being Long Island MacArthur’s first, largest, and, for a period, only pure-jet operator; American, which had changed its image by associating it with large, trunk-carrier prestige; and Northeastern, whose bold, innovative service inauguration and low fares had been directly responsible for the latest, unceasing growth cycle. 

3.  Many airlines, unaware of the facility’s traffic potential, never permanently abandoned the air field, including American and Eastern, which had both suspended operations, but subsequently returned; Northeastern, which had returned after two bankruptcies; United, which had discontinued its own service, yet maintained a presence through two separate regional airline affiliations—Presidential-United Express and Atlantic Coast-United Express—thus continuing to link its Washington-Dulles hub; Continental, which had returned through its own commuter agreement; and Pilgrim, which, despite service discontinuation, had maintained an autonomous check-in counter where it had handled other carriers until it itself had reinstated service. 

4.  Of the approximately 30 airlines which had served Long Island MacArthur, many had indirectly retained a presence either through name-change, other-carrier absorption, or regional-airline two-letter code-share agreements. 

5. The Northeastern-forged air link between Long Island and Florida had, despite its own final bankruptcy, never been lost, with other carriers always filling the void, including Eastern, Carnival, Braniff, Delta Express, and Spirit Airlines. 

Because of its market fragility, however, the Long Island regional airport was far more vulnerable to economic cycles than the primary New York airports had been, recessed conditions often resulting in the exodus of carriers in search of more profitable routes.  In 1994, for example, three airlines discontinued service and one ceased operating altogether. 

A .2 million expansion program of the 32-year old, multiply-renovated oval terminal, funded by passenger facility charge (PFC)-generated revenue, had been initiated in the spring of 1998 and completed in August of the following year, resulting in a 62,000-square-foot area increase.  The enlarged, reconfigured structure included the addition of two wings–the west with four baggage carousels, three rental car counters, and several airline baggage service offices, and the east with 48 (as opposed to the previous 20) passenger check-in positions.  The original, oval-shaped structure now housed an enlarged newsstand and gift shop and the relocated central security checkpoint, but retained the departures level snack bar, the upper level Skyway Café and cocktail lounge, and the twin, jetbridge-provisioned concourses added during the 1990 expansion phase, while the aircraft parking ramp had been progressively increased until the last blade of grass had been transformed into concrete.  A realigned entrance road, an extension of the existing short-term parking lot, 1,000 additional parking spaces, and a quasi-parking lot system subdivided into employee, resident, hourly, daily, and economy (long-term) sections had completed the renovation.  Shuttle bus service between the parking lot and the terminal was provided for the first time. 

5. Southwest Airlines 

An effort to attract Southwest Airlines had begun in late-1996 when the rapidly-expanding, highly profitable, low-fare carrier had contemplated service to a third northeast city after Manchester and Providence, inclusive of Newburgh’s Stewart International and White Plains’ Westchester County in New York; Hartford and New Haven in Connecticut; and Teterboro and Trenton’s Mercer County in New Jersey.  All had been smaller, secondary airports characteristic of its route system.  It had even briefly explored service to Farmingdale’s Republic Airport on Long Island and Teterboro in New Jersey, both of which had been noncommercial, general aviation fields with business jet concentrations.  Three had offered terminal improvements in exchange for the service.  But Long Island MacArthur was ultimately selected because of the 1.6 million residents living within a 20-mile radius of the airport, local business health, and, according to Southwest Chief Executive Officer, Herb Kelleher, “underserved, overpriced air service” which was “ripe for competition.”  

Following initial Southwest interest in 1997, then-Town of Islip Supervisor Peter McGowan and other officials flew to Dallas, where Herb Kelleher stated the need for the previously described terminal and parking facility expansions before operations could begin.  The meeting had ended with nothing more than a symbolic handshake. 

The nearly two-year effort to entice the airline had culminated in the December 1998 announcement of Southwest’s intended March 14, 1999 service launch with 12 daily 737 departures, including eight to Baltimore, two to Chicago-Midway, one to Nashville, and one to Tampa, all of which would provide through- or connecting-service to 29 other Southwest-served cities.  Although the low-fare flights had been expected to attract some passengers who may otherwise have flown from JFK or La Guardia Airports, they had been primarily targeted at the Long Island market and, as a byproduct, had been expected to attract an increased airport traffic base, additional carriers, and generate an estimated 0,000 per year for the Town of Islip.  Two Southwest-dedicated gates could accommodate up to 20 daily departures—or eight more than the inaugural flight schedule included—before additional facilities would have to be obtained.  The Islip station, staffed by 44, represented its 53rd destination in 27 states. 

Southwest had provided the fourth spark in Long Island MacArthur Airport’s airline- and passenger-attraction cycle, traced as follows: 

1. The original air taxi Gateway Airlines service of 1959 and the initial scheduled Allegheny Airlines service of 1960. 

2. The first trunk-carrier, pure-jet American Airlines flights of 1971. 

3. The first low-fare, nonstop Northeastern International Florida service of 1982. 

4. The first low-fare, high frequency, major-carrier Southwest service of 1999. 

American, the last of the original, major carriers to vacate the airport, left it with three predominant types of airlines as the millennium had approached: 

1. The turboprop commuter airline serving the nonhub destinations, such as Albany, Boston, Buffalo, Hartford, and Newburgh. 

2. The regional jet operator feeding its major-carrier affiliate at one of its hubs, such as ASA feeding Delta in Atlanta, Comair connecting with Delta in Cincinnati, and Continental Express integrating its flight schedule with Continental in Cleveland. 

3. The low-fare, high-density, no-frills carrier operating the leisure-oriented sectors to Florida.  As of December 1, 1999, three airlines, inclusive of Delta Express, Southwest, and Spirit, had operated 15 daily departures to five Florida destinations. 

Long Island MacArthur’s expansion and passenger facility improvements, Southwest’s service inauguration, and the attraction of other carriers had collectively resulted in a 113% increase in passenger boardings in 1999 compared to the year-earlier period.  The figure, which had been only shy of the two million mark, had been the highest in the Long Island airport’s four-decade commercial history.  Southwest had carried 34% of this total. 

Eleven airlines had provided service during this time: ASA Atlantic Southeast, American, Business Express, Comair, CommutAir/US Airways Express, Continental Express, Delta Express, Piedmont/US Airways Express, Shuttle America, Spirit, and Southwest itself. 

Less than two weeks after Southwest had secured a third gate and increased its daily departures to 22, it announced, in a unprecedented move, its intention to self-finance 90-percent of a million expansion of the East Concourse in order to construct four additional, dedicated gates and overnight parking positions by the end of 2001, thus increasing the airport’s current 19-gate total to 23. 

The concourse extension, intended to provide it with both increased employee and passenger room, would free up its existing three gates for other-carrier utilization while its new four-gate facility would permit a service increase to some 30 daily flights based upon future passenger demand, aircraft availability, and Town of Islip-approved departure increases. 

The expansion would mark the seventh such development of the original terminal, as follows: 

1. The original oval terminal construction. 

2. The partially enclosed arrivals baggage belt installation. 

3. The construction of two commuter gates. 

4. The enclosure of the front awning, which entailed the relocation of the rental car companies and the Austin Travel agency, and the installation of an enlarged, fully enclosed baggage belt. 

5. The construction of the jetbridge-equipped east and west concourses. 

6. The construction of the West Arrivals Wing and the East Departures Wing, the gift shop expansion, and the central security checkpoint relocation. 

7. The Southwest-financed, quad-gate addition, increasing the number of departure gates from 19 to 23. 

Victim, like all airports, to post-September 11 traffic declines, Long Island MacArthur Airport lost eight daily departures operated by American Eagle, Delta Express, and US Airways Express, although the airport’s October 2001 passenger figures had only been six percent below those of the year-earlier period.  No nonstop destinations had, however, been severed.  With Delta Express’s daily 737-200 Florida flight frequency having been progressively reduced from an all-time high of seven to just one–to Fort Lauderdale–its operations could be divided into three categories: 

1. Turboprop regional 

2. Pure-jet regional 

3. Southwest         

Nevertheless, in the four years since Southwest had inaugurated service, the airport had handled 8,220,790 passengers, or an annual average of two million.  Without Southwest, it would, at best, have handled only half that amount. 

On April 30, 2003, for the second time in a five-year period, Long Island MacArthur Airport broke ground on new terminal facilities.  Designed by the Baldassano Architectural Group, the Long Island architectural firm which had completed the .2 million airport expansion and modernization program in 1999, the new, 154,000-square-foot, four-gate addition was constructed on the north side of the existing east concourse which had housed Southwest’s operations.  Citing increased space and potential growth as reasons for the new facility, Southwest claimed that the existing three gates, which had fielded a combined 24 daily departures, had reached their saturation point and that additional “breathing room” for both passengers and employees had been needed, particularly during flight delays.  The net gain of an additional gate, which would be coupled with larger lounges, would eventually facilitate eight additional flights to new or existing US destinations, based upon market demand. 

The project, initially pegged at million, but later increased to million, was financed by Southwest, which sought government reimbursement with the Town of Islip for up to million for the non-airline specific construction aspects, such as airfield drainage, which was considered a common-use utility. 

The 114,254-square-foot, Southwest-funded and -named Peter J. McGowan Concourse officially opened at the end of November 2004.  Accessed by a new awning-protected entrance from the airport’s terminal-fronted curbside, the new wing, connected to the existing passenger check-in area, curved to the left past the flight arrival and departure television monitors to the new, large security checkpoint from where passengers ascended, via two escalators, to the upper level departures area. 

Concurrent with the opening had been the announcement that Southwest would now proceed with Phase II of its expansion by building a second, million addition which would connect the new concourse with the old, altogether replacing the east concourse which had served it since it had inaugurated service in 1999.  The project incorporated four more gates, for a total of eight, enabling up to 80 daily departures to be offered. 

6. New Leadership, Service Reductions, and Infrastructure Improvements 

The end of the 2000-decade, characterized by new leadership, airline service reductions, and infrastructure investments, once again signaled a reversal in Long Island MacArthur Airport’s growth cycle. 

Al Werner, Airport Commission for 53 years, retired on November 16, 2007, passing the torch to Teresa Rizzuto.  Accepted after a three-month, nationwide search conducted by Islip Supervisor Phil Nolan, she brought considerable airline industry experience with her and was appointed to the position on February 5, 2008 after an Islip Town Board vote, now entrusted with heralding the regional facility into the next decade whose multi-faceted agenda necessarily included the following goals: 

1. Devise a marketing plan to increase airport recognition, thereby attracting a larger passenger base. 

2. Establish new, nonstop routes of existing carriers and attract new airlines able to compete with existing, lost-cost Southwest, to provide the required core service for this enlarged passenger base, yet avoid alienating local residents because of excessive noise. 

3. Invest in infrastructure modernization and development, particularly on the airport’s general aviation west side. 

4. Increase revenues for the Town of Islip, the airport’s owner and operator. 

Long Island MacArthur’s very existence relied upon its ability to serve its customers’ needs, and both destination and airline reductions during the latter part of the decade, coupled with flickering, but quickly extinguished glimmers of new-carrier hope, only obviated its purpose. 

Exploratory talks in 2007, with Southwest-modeled, Ireland based-Ryanair, for instance, would have resulted in both the airport’s first international and first transatlantic service, hitherto precluded by the absence of customs and immigration facilities, few connecting possibilities, and inadequate runway length on which heavy, fuel-laden widebody aircraft could take off for intercontinental sectors.  But higher thrust engines facilitating shorter-field performance had remedied the latter problem, and pre-departure US clearance would have been performed in Ireland.  Because Southwest and Ryanair maintained the same business models of operating single-type, 737 fleets from underserved, overpriced, secondary airports whose lower operating costs could be channeled into lower fares, domestic-international traffic feed between the two had been feasible.  Despite existing Islip service provided by Delta and US Airways Express, Southwest still carried 92 percent of its passengers.  However, the proposed strategy had yet to produce any concrete results. 

Indeed, by the end of the year, the number of potential Southwest connecting flights only declined when decreased demand had necessitated the cancellation of six daily departures, including two to Baltimore, three to Chicago, and one to Las Vegas. 

Potential service loss counterbalancing occurred on May 1 of the following year, however, when Spirit Airlines, after an eight-year interval, reinaugurated twice daily, round-trip, A-319 service to Ft. Lauderdale, with .00 introductory fares, facilitating 23 Caribbean and Latin American connections through its south Florida hub.  The service, reinstated because of Islip’s ease of access and uncongested operating environment, was prompted by a 50-percent landing fee reduction during its first year of operations, and it became the second carrier, after Southwest, to serve Ft. Lauderdale, the latter with three daily departures. 

The A-319, the airport’s first, regularly scheduled airbus operation, touched down at 0954 on Runway 6 on its inaugural flight, taxiing through a dual fire truck-created water arch, before redeparting at 1030 as Flight 833 with a high load factor.  The second flight departed in the evening. 

The departures were two of Spirit’s more than 200 systemwide flights to 43 destinations, but the weak flicker of light they had provided had been almost as quickly doused when, three months later, on July 31, rising fuel prices and declining economic conditions had necessitated their discontinuation, leaving only a promise of return when improved conditions merited their reinstatement. 

Further tipping the scales to the service loss side had been Delta Air Line’s decision to discontinue its only remaining, single daily regional jet service operated by its Comair counterpart to Atlanta, severing feed to the world’s largest airport in terms of enplanements and to Delta’s largest connecting hub, and ending the Long Island presence established as far back as 1984.  Delta had cited the reason for the discontinuation, along with that in other markets, as an attempt to “optimize…financial performance.”  Its 19 employees had been rendered redundant. 

The second carrier loss, leaving only Southwest and US Airways Express, had resulted in a 10.2-percent passenger decline in 2008 compared to the year-earlier period. 

Another attempted, but mostly unsuccessful airline service had occurred in June of 2009 with the appearance of PublicCharters.com, which had intended to link Islip with Groton, Connecticut, and Nantucket, Massachusetts, during the summer. 

In order to remedy Long Island MacArthur Airport’s identity recognition deficiency, a study completed by a Phil Nolan-assembled task force strongly concluded that the search for and attraction of new airline service “should be a major focus of management,” a function up until now mostly ignored.  The airport’s lack of recognition, coupled with JFK’s and La Guardia’s close proximity to Manhattan and their dizzying array of nonstop services, further urged the need for the study. 

A 0,000 federal grant, aimed at answering the elusive question of why Long Islanders still chose to use New York airports when Islip itself offered a nonstop flight, attempted to determine local resident travel patterns and then attract carrier-providing service. 

A partial remedy had been the implementation of a 0,000 market campaign, in conjunction with the Long Island Railroad and Southwest Airlines, to increase airport awareness by the eastern Nassau and Suffolk County population, featuring the slogan, “We make flying a breeze.” 

Significant attention to airport infrastructure improvement and a related masterplan had also been given. 

Long-awaited ramp repairs, for instance, had been made.  One year after the .4 million apron covering gates five through eight had been laid in 2004, cracks, in which engine-digestible debris could potentially collect, appeared, and were traceable to an inadequate, six-inch-thick subbase which failed to rise above the ground level, and was therefore susceptible to frost.  Water, seeping into the subbase, was subjected to freezing-thawing cycles which expanded the concrete, loosened its gravel, and propagated the cracks. 

A .3 million Federal Aviation Administration grant had equally enabled it to repave its longest runway, 6-24, during low operational times, between 2300 and 0500. 

In order to replace the decaying, 105-foot control tower constructed in 1962, the FAA awarded J. Kokolakis Constructing, Inc., of Rocky Point, a .4 million contract to build a new, 157-foot, cylindrical tower next to it in January of 2008, a project completed in November of the following year, at which time internal equipment, costing another .8 million, was installed. 

Instrumental in the airport’s modernization had been the redevelopment of its 45-acre west side, which currently houses charter companies, flying schools, and airport maintenance in mostly dilapidated hangars and buildings, but could potentially be replaced with new energy efficient and conservation compliant structures optimally used by educational institutions offering air traffic control curriculums. 

During the latter portion of the decade, Long Island MacArthur Airport once again rode the descending side of the revenue curve, but remains a vital air link and economic engine to eastern Nassau and Suffolk Counties. 

Between 1996 and 2003, it had experienced an average annual economic impact growth rate of 6.85 percent and between 2001 and 2007 more than 900,000 square feet of commercial space was developed along Veterans Highway, its access roadway, as a result of it.  According to Hofstra University’s Center for Suburban Studies, its 2003 economic impact was pegged at 2 million and was projected to increase by 68 percent, or to 0 million, by the end of the decade without any further expansion, indicating that, as a revenue generator, that its potential had hardly begun to be tapped.  The service reductions, increases in Homeland Security costs, and eroding economy had all reversed that potential, but its infrastructure improvements, more than 500,000-square-foot passenger terminal, four runways, easy access, uncongested environment, two-mile proximity to the Long Island Railroad’s Ronkonkoma station, and four-mile proximity to the Long Island Expressway places it squarely on the threshold of growth in the next decade, when conditions improve.  According to newly appointed Airport Commissioner Teresa Rizzuto, “We’re ready” for new carriers at that time.

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Advantages and disadvantages of mud building.

construction machinery

Strengths 
a) Independence and availability. 
An important factor in favor of the mud is their independence and abundance, availability and use of raw materials for community participation and use by unskilled labor. 
b) work. 
In the case of traditional adobe, another benefit is the ease of cutting, turning or adjusting dimensionally. 
c) Cost of manufacture. 
Traditional technologies discussed here in the mud (adobe, adobe, mud pressing) no energy requirements than the use of the sun as a source of drying. This represents a significant savings relative to other technologies. 
In the case of the traditional adobe as construction material cost savings in energy production is decisive factor, especially when considering that the “burning” of the brick red clay represents 40% of the cost. If we compare the energy values required to produce both materials we find that 2,000 Btu to 30,000 against the adobe brick oven. 
d) Soundproofing and air conditioning. 
The use of mud in building a good acoustic and insulation, even when no pede be classified as a good thermal insulation in areas where there are marked differences in day-night temperature outside the wall of mud acts as a regulator in the environmental field domestic air conditioning. 
e) environmental sense. 
From the standpoint of growing environmental awareness that characterizes the current architecture is put together with mud environmentally sound technologies because of their auto recycling. 

Weaknesses 
Buildings that incorporate the use of clay are particularly vulnerable to deterioration and deserving of care and maintenance. This of course depends greatly on the degree of stabilization and compaction of the material used and its original conditions. In walls of compressed earth establilizada and these weaknesses are minimal while the maximum rise buildings using traditional adobe adobe or not stabilized. 
Another weakness is so far down the popularity it enjoys in the field of mechanization of industrial building systems due to its excessive dependence on manual labor ( “work intensive”), which tends to make the services of its professional production. 

9 – CONSTRUCTION OF PRESERVATION OF ADOBE 
“The preservation and rehabilitation of a deteriorated adobe building is the more successful the more closely approximates the use of techniques that were used in the original construction.” 
“The cyclical maintenance is key to revitalizing the use of adobe as building material.” 
“The preservation of the adobe is one of the most difficult problems of conservation. Under the impact of weather, rain and increased humidity, mud and dirt to be reverted and collapses back inexorably to the land. Traditionally, the houses Mud and residential buildings are subject to annual repairs and maintenance, often adding to the natural mud additives to make it more durable. “ 
“In the late’80s, when the excavations at Tel Dan in Israel revealed a triple-arched gate mud brick from the middle of the Bronze Age, the GCI was interested in investigating the preservation of the adobe. In a short period of exposure to the elements, the site began to deteriorate rapidly. “ 
The use of siloxanes and hydrophobic polisilicatos are a great resource in the recovery of historical architecture constructed with mud, but their high cost undermines the popularity of its use and disclosure. 
Expertise in the restoration of archaeological works in mud or in the recovery of historic and artistic heritage of the countries engaged in their use is an important technological resource. 

Deterioration of signs and sources of construction in adobe 

Among others: 
- Damage caused by structural foundations insufficient, poor quality material or effects of external forces such as wind, water and earthquakes. 
- Problems caused by excess moisture or humidity or rain water in the subsurface due to natural causes or inadequate drainage. 
- Agrietamento caused by incompatibilities between the rat expansion / contraction in relation to the existing frieze on the wall of mud that coats. 

More specifically referring to the humidity as the most aggressive and most common cause of deterioration of the adobe buildings can be made several recommendations: 
1) Verify and restrict undesirable vegetation close to the construction of adobe, as the roots can penetrate the building leading to an excess of moisture inside of it. 
2) Check the drainage of the pavement immediately to ensure the construction of adobe because it offers outstanding emposamiento appropriate to avoid the water at the foot of its walls. 
3) Consider creating drainage channels which help to ease the burden of excessive water on the building. 
4) Strengthen and wall friezes original hygroscopic applying protective films and / or waterproofing. 
5) To combat wind erosion in the upper part of walls or in extreme cases into a curtain of vegetation as windbreaks. 
6) To combat the ingress of pests, insects and rodents or birds that help accelerate the deterioration process of building. 
7) To combat the growth of parasitic plants that stay in the interstices of the walls of the building. 

10 – REASONS FOR THE DECREASE OF IMPORTANCE IN THE USE OF BARRO as construction materials. 
There are a number of reasons for the loss of popularity of the technology of mud buildings in recent decades. Among them: 

1) demands intensive labor. 
2) Picture of the associated works mud in our latitudes (for misinformation) with “poverty.” Ironically, in other more technologically updated and effluent is currently considered a symbol of status. 
3) regulatory ordinances construction. 
4) cyclic maintenance requirements. 
5) Image advertising. Constructions based on conventional technologies involving marketable an army of publicists: writers, builders, business owners of manufacturing materials, plumbing, blacksmithing, carpentry, and many more carriers. The builders of earthen structures show a very low-profile advertising. 

But these conditions show signs of changing in the light of recent advances in the field of preservation of buildings and the continuing advances in technology and resource building. 

10 – NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND ATTITUDES IN THE USE OF CLAY UNDER CONSTRUCTION 
Presents a sample of experiences that they go in search of applications and innovations in the traditional mud. 

A-Adobe. New interpretations of a traditional technology 
Currently witnessed in the beginning of a change in habits and attitudes about what had traditionally been the culture of the mud in construction. Today, without neglecting the approaches of the use of mud applied to technology use popular, low cost, saw the construction technology and resources have opened up roads in the use of once-despised and humble adobe that stimulate creativity and sensitivity to the architectural forms of mud in the architect today. The technology seems to have entered the mud, as we said earlier, a new phase not only refreshed and review of its management and construction technology but also their ability to express in architectural form and their collective value as an element of prestige within the urban life in which he had begun to participate with renewed vigor. 

Progress of mechanization 
From an inventory study of technologies used in the production of 288 million adobe bricks in New Mexico, USA in 1994 found that only 1% is devoted to the use of traditional manual technology while 99% is divided shared equally between mechanical production methods and semi-mechanical. Moreover the volume of production of stabilized adobe bricks are very low and only while the application of the blocks of clay pressed type CINVA-RAM was also very low only equivalent to 118,000 blocks. 

Comparative production figures 
Traditional construction (manual) adobe: adobe 300-500 / day 
Construction of semi-mechanized adobes: 1.500-3.000 adobes per day 
Mechanized construction of adobe: adobe 3,000 + / day 

Adobe “High Technology” 
“While the right combination of mud and clay remains unchanged, in this type of mud is added a new component: emulsified asphalt. This emulsion is a byproduct of petroleum which is commonly used in road construction. When mixed with water, mud and clay, depending on the ratio, you get a brick of adobe waterproof (semi-stabilized) or completely waterproofed (fully stabilized). The addition of emulsified asphalt is not accepted by all, since the outer wall of mud will be covered with a plaster (plaster). When the wall is an interior garden courtyard or their use is justified. The “purists” are not comfortable with the idea of adding oil to a product which, in itself offers a natural beauty to the building. Any asphalt gasification is another cause for concern. All construction materials used in a release gases that are found to be harmful, and some of them carcinogenic. We are not aware of the issue has been investigated the gasification of bitumen emulsion in some detail, especially its possible effects in the long term. “ 

Pumice with Adobe to build shelters in the mountains of Colorado 
This technology, experienced by William Porter and his non-profit company “Sangre de Cristo Adobe Solar Works uses a mobile unit for transportation of construction materials pumice (” scum “) very light, reddish color, texture, full of coral hollows and ridges that promote adherence to the mud of low cost and non-expansive when wetted. Once on the site, you are mixed with clay in a ratio of five parts of slag pumice for a part of local clay and 4% by weight of asphalt emulsion which results in a block maneuverable and lightweight, providing While a good balance of the isolation mass. 

Building with wood chips and clay lightweight filler 
One of the latest innovations in the development of modern German technology building with mud is the use of wood chips amalgamated with clay and used as lightweight insulation in external walls and internal. Since its emergence in the construction market in the early nineties, the contractors have been able to offer a piece of clay filler, monolithic, natural and healthy. The slippage of material used is comparable to the systems of mud and straw, but much shorter production time, easier to construct and less time for drying and curing. Additionally, it is more efficient, and less emphasis on the involvement of human resource. 
The mixing ratio is 3-4 buckets of chips for every bucket of mud light depending on the strength / weight required, the quality of the clay and the size of chips used. This combination is amalgamated into the mixer for one minute until all chips that have been coated with a layer of mud and, upon completion, is already ready to be cast in the formaletas forming the mold wall. Then empty the mixture processed to verify the absence of empty spaces. 
It is feasible to use a variety of resources and sustaining the fabric of the mud wall, including the use of bamboo sticks. Other types of wood frames more or less formal as the case may be used. The existence of the plot contributes to sustaining rigid and fortify the constitution of the wall, at the same time reducing the chances of contraction. Once dry the surface of the wall can be implemented on a frieze of plaster it without difficulty. 
A wall of 30 cm. thickness may require approximately eight weeks of drying time. 

Industrialization of the B-Bahareque 
“One man alone can not build your own house but ten men working in a group can easily build ten houses.” 
- Hassan Fathi 

Inspired by this philosophy, the French-Canadian “Polypus, based in Canada, projected to the world of systematized technology bahareque (provided that the system called” bajareque “) beginning with applications in Latin American and Arab countries. A source of surprises in this increasingly globalizing societies living on the planet … 

The product of the experience of Polypus, to demonstrate the superior performance of traditional structures of reeds and mud, endure unscathed a devastating earthquake in Central America, is a type of housing construction “basket” flexible and adaptable to external conditions, formed for a structure that uses a sustaining frame of treated wood against insects and moisture, as a plot, on which lies a mass of lateritic clay. This simple structure can be transported in crates to the remotest regions to its conformation in place. So, a box of 1.20 x 1.20 x 3.60 mts. and about 320 kg. can accommodate the weight of components to build a house with an area of 40 m2. 

Barro casting (cast earth “) and calcined gypsum 
The technology does not require emptying mud placing bricks or adobe blocks or rammed earth walls typical slow compaction of the clay technology. In contrast, consists of a rapidly emptying construction once and for all can be used to remove formaletas short time emptying. What makes the above setting is the speed of calcined gypsum and the increase in strength until it reaches a strength, yet moist enough to support a wall in its final site. And most surprising of all is the very low concentration of material required to agglutinate the mud that comes with it. A ratio of 15% or less of calcined gypsum provide sufficient strength to perform the process described above. And do not warrant metal reinforcements … 
Traditionally, the technology of building with mud reflects an image of intensive labor that makes it attractive only to very poor (who use it without intermediaries) or the very rich (who can pay for it). In contrast, the technology of clay casting, combined with a ratio of calcined gypsum reduces the work difficult and slow labor of replacing it once a few hours of use of construction machinery. And the innovative design does not lose its validity as the “armed” the material is in its plastic state. 
The costs of construction with the technology of clay casting are significantly lower than those for adobe and rammed earth and even could be, depending on the circumstances, regarding the “new” bahareque (systematic). 
Technology is competitive in mud casting a wide spectrum ranging from houses to the mass production of high costs to purchase. 

Despite their natural resistance to moisture, it is always advisable to coat the outer surface of walls with a layer of silicone once the wall is built totlalmente dry. This spray without altering their appearance offers a protection which extends up to five years. 

How New Technology has Improved Heavy Machinery

Heavy machinery

Article by Melanie Cath

Working with heavy machinery was once considered to be only for the very strong. But advances in technology and better design means that anyone who has been trained to do so can operate them. And the improvement translates to better efficiency.

When you think of heavy machinery you usually also think of noise, sweat, hard work and the dust that is stirred up by working it. But new technology has been at work to reduce the many problems associated with working heavy machinery. Years ago, operators had to be strong to survive a day in the heat bumping over rough ground and listening to the roar of all their heavy machinery. But these days manufacturers have realized that operator comfort translates to better efficiency and thus to increased work and a higher dollar return for the employers.

So instead of drivers having to endure gruelling heat or icy cold weather day after day, heavy machinery is now equipped with air-conditioned cabs. The noise level has also been reduced where possible by better design and more efficient parts. Much heavy machinery is now comes with electronically controlled systems that take all the hard work out of the actual operation.

Even simple changes have helped. Once tractors had steel seats that often got hot enough to burn skin if the farmer sat down in shorts. Then the seats became padded. After that a roof was added to provide shade. It took a bit longer to get that air-conditioned cab with lights and music.

Nowadays much heavy machinery is so easy to use that women are increasingly applying for jobs driving it. This has seen job opportunities for females crop up in places like mining that were once the province of the male population. Regardless of who drives heavy machinery these days, the changes towards ease and comfort are certainly much appreciated.

Pondless Waterfalls – Concrete vs. Pond Liner

Concrete Pumps

Article by Doug Hoover

The get-rich-quick factor in the pond liner industry has forced up the price of pond liner kits to equal the cost of concrete construction. If you search for the truth about concrete ponds and waterfalls from reading the literature of the greed-driven liner pond industry, you will not find it. Why? Because if the truth be known, no one in their right mind would invest good, hard-earned money in a pond liner!

The pond liner track record speaks for itself:

More than 37% of all waterfalls have serious structural damage within 3 years of construction.

57% of homeowners say they are rather unsatisfied with the way their waterfall came out after the project was completed.

One in three waterfalls and ponds are leaking water within nine months of completion.

63% of “do-it-yourselfers” say they wished they had the proper information from the “get go” or that they had hired someone.

These statistics are from the pond liner industry itself (Bob Wilder, 48-Hour Waterfall). I can confirm and attest to these figures myself. I have built over 1,900 concrete and rebar waterfalls and ponds over the past 26 years. I have ripped out and replaced dozens of defective liner ponds and replaced them with concrete ones with lifetime warranties.

Pond liner guys will not attach more than a one-year warranty. They make no guarantee against rats, mice, ground squirrels, gophers, tree roots and sharp objects.

Let’s compare apples to lemons … First, let’s talk about apples (concrete waterfalls). We will construct a pondless waterfall that is 20 inches wide at the top by 20 feet long, becoming 24 inches wide at the bottom, to create a spillway 3 feet tall. At the bottom is a catch basin 4 ft. x 6 ft. x 3 ft. deep. The costs of excavation are as follows:

To dig a waterfall and basin takes two men 4 hours @ per hour = 0.

The flexible PVC pipe is 35 ft. @ .25 per ft. = . Concrete (3500 psi with stealth fiber)): 2 • yards = 0. 20 pieces of 20 ft. x 3/8 inch rebar = 0. One 1/3 HP high efficiency pump, 2800 GPH, 356 watts = 9. One anti-vortex drain = . Four 2 x 4 ft. heavy plastic corrugated or galvanized plans to cover the collection basin = . Setting the rebar: 3 man-hrs. = 5. Pumping and finishing 2 • yards of concrete: 4 man-hrs. @ /hr. = 0. Applying thoro-seal, 1 sack + 1 hour = . Rock work + 8 sacks mortar mix: labor – 8 man-hrs. @ /hr. = 0. Mortar: .

TOTAL EXCAVATION COST FOR A CONCRETE POND = ,236.

With this type of construction, no filter is needed. The water in the basin is not exposed to sunlight, so there are no algae. Plus the top layer of rock and the planks are easily removed for cleaning out debris about once a year. If a plastic screen is placed over the planks before the rock layer, cleaning is reduced by 90%.

Now let’s talk about the lemons (the liner folks). The pondless waterfall liner kit advertised by all the disciples of the “liner messiah” on their websites is ,940 + tax & shipping, or ,176.

And now for the math: One concrete/rebar construction pondless waterfall completed with high-efficiency pump = ,236. One pondless liner kit to build a pondless waterfall of the exact same dimensions = ,176. If I did the math correctly, the completed concrete pondless waterfall costs more than the pondless waterfall liner kit; however, it is still in the box!

Concrete and rebar pondless waterfall has a lifetime warranty. Liner pondless waterfall: 1 yr. warranty on labor, lifetime warranty against factory defect. But there is no warranty whatsoever against holes caused by rats, mice, ground squirrels, gophers, tree roots, sharp objects, etc. Sorry Charlie!

Concrete and rebar pondless waterfalls use a high-efficiency above-ground pump that is easy to service (it has a 3 yr. warranty). The 1/3 HP pump is small, very quiet, and easily hidden behind a couple of rocks or plants next to the falls, or piped to another part of the yard. The liner pondless waterfall uses a submersible sump pump that is placed in the bottom of the basin, and then buried with hundreds of pounds of rocks. To service this pump (only a 2 • yr. warranty), all the slimy, stinky rocks have to be removed from the basin first.

The concrete and rebar pondless waterfall pump produces 5,800 gallons per hour at only 356 watts (retail 9). The liner pondless waterfall kit comes with a sump pump (they advertise as “the best pump on the market”). It produces 5,700 gal/hour (100 gal. less) at a whopping 911 watts of power (over twice that of the above-ground pump). You will pay 5 more per year for electricity (at $ .12/kwh) for that extra 555 watts. Their pump costs 0 retail (1 more than the above-ground). Oh, did I mention “the best warranty in the industry” is only 2 • years, compared to 3 years for the above-ground?

The concrete and rebar pondless waterfall’s rocks are all mortared in place. So anyone, especially small children, can climb on the rocks without them moving, with possible serious injury resulting. With liner pondless waterfalls, rocks will move and shift on their own without help. After a few months, the ugly liner is exposed in the falls and around the pond.

While building the concrete pondless waterfall, design liberties can be taken, such as altering the length, width or shape of the feature. With a liner pondless waterfall, the parameters have already been set by the manufacturer of the kit.

The concrete pondless waterfall can utilize the large, open basin to install an Aquafill automatic water leveling device. In addition, the basin can be made smaller because the space for water is not taken up by rocks as it is in the liner pondless waterfall basin. The only rock that exists is on top of the galvanized or plastic plank cover.

Wow! Concrete waterfalls are stationary, permanent, lifetime life-expectancy, cheaper to build, cheaper to operate, easier to clean, easy to maintain, longer pump warranty, safer and more natural looking! Apples or lemons? You be the judge!

I am very tired of these amateurs giving my life-long profession a bad name by their exaggerated, dishonest and sensational claims – only to be backed up by a nebulous warranty and, at best, shoddy workmanship. My disclaimer: There are professionals installing liners that do take measures to prevent rodent or root attacks by placing a think layer of mortar under and over the liner. I found that if you are going to go to all that extra work and expense, just build it with 3500 psi concrete to begin with!

Watch a HowTo video at YouTube.

Safety Track 3350 Non Slip High Traction Safety Tape, 60-Grit, Concrete Gray, 6-Inch by 60-Foot Roll, 2-Pack

Safety Track 3350 Non Slip High Traction Safety Tape, 60-Grit, Concrete Gray, 6-Inch by 60-Foot Roll, 2-Pack

  • Durable high traction grip surface
  • Aggressive adhesive system for product longevity
  • Consistent high slip resistance with silicon carbide grit
  • Fuel, water and fluid resistant
  • NFSI - National Flooring Safety Institute certified for High Traction
Safety Track 3350 Non Slip High Traction Safety Tape, 60-Grit, Concrete Gray, 6-Inch by 60-Foot Roll, 2-Pack

List Price: $ 218.40 Price: $ 165.10

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